Raised by Design

Before + After: Landscaping Progress

I know, I haven’t really given you a proper introduction to Lil’ Spot. So here’s a quick backstory. Our 882 sq. ft. kit house was built in the 1950’s by a couple who emigrated from Eastern Europe. They built this little spot with their own hands and took great care of it for 60-some-odd years. When they passed on it was sold as part of their estate. Lucky for us, we were first-time home buyers looking for fixer-upper to cut our teeth on home ownership and renovations. Here’s what it looked like the day we closed on it, 4 years ago this April:

curbside house

I must confess that today it looks almost exactly the same from this view. My Dad always says, “You fix the inside of your house for you, you fix the outside for your  neighbors.” So the front has been bumped to the bottom of our very long list of renovation projects. Sorry, neighbors! We did swap out the mailbox (a wedding gift from friends with number decals I added), painted the front door a nice dark navy blue (Benjamin Moore Hale Navy) and replaced the screen door with a more modern full glass door (sans eagle).

navy-door-red-modern-mailbox

But we haven’t done a thing to the poor overcrowded boxwoods, hydrangeas, azaleas, mountain laurel, dwarf pine and japonica. We also haven’t ripped out the last hedgerow of invasive barberry and privet. Or fixed our broke-ass concrete path and crumbling steps. Or painted our peeling porch. We’re not proud of it. We’re just busy. And not made of money.

Over the last 4 years we’ve really focused in on the back yard, where we spend most of our time in the warm months. With such a small house, having a big backyard makes us feel like we have more living space. Here are some BEFORE snaps from 2010.

backyard-before
View facing North into our neighbor’s yard. With a tin-can-man that is funky but I kind of love.

Our neighbor to the south has a small yard that is mostly occupied by a well-maintained vegetable garden. We love learning about growing vegetables from the elderly couple that owns the property. They even share extra plants with us.

I’m sure those ginormous laundry line poles didn’t escape your trained eye either. They’re retired since everyone has electric dryers these days. But they’ve found a second life as nesting sites for nuthatches and training poles for woodpeckers.

Don’t mind the John Baldessari-esque dots. I’m protecting privacy here, it’s serious business.

backyard-before-driveway
View facing east. This chain link beauty is still there and I’m doing my best to hide it with plantings.

Oh, and then there’s the infamous pear tree. There was so much that I loved about this tree. The scale was perfect for the house and I adored its cute lollipop shape. In spring there were fragrant white flowers and it provided privacy from the 2-story house to the north. Plus, it produced dozens upon dozens of pears each summer. But…it produced dozens upon dozens of pears each summer. And we couldn’t keep up with them. And they tasted like crab apples. And they attracted bees. And got stuck in our lawnmower. And STUNK like rotting fruit. And…we eventually decided it had to go.

pear tree

Down she goes…

pear tree coming down
I think I actually teared up. Poor tree. We’ll never forget you.

Also I should mention the teeny-tiny sad peach tree planted in the middle of the yard. We gave it the college try but it just wasn’t thriving. Plus, we noticed it had developed an oozing fungus and an ant infestation. Buy-bye, little nasty tree.

backyard-before

The last corner of our backyard was occupied by this crazy contraption covering the steps to the basement. Complete with corrugated composite, sheet metal, rusty poles and plenty of jagged wire. A wonderland for young children looking to get tetanus.

basement contraption

So, here’s the BEFORE + AFTER of our backyard plan, illustrated by yours truly.

Garden Plan - BEFORE + AFTER - Existing Plants
BEFORE garden plan (with a creative way of spelling “lilac” for your enjoyment.)
backyard plan before + after
AFTER garden plan

I justified cutting down a beautiful, mature fruit tree by planting not one, but SIX other native trees in the yard. Do you think I overcompensated? The pictures I took are horrendous so I made this list instead:

trees added to lil' spot

We also put in a pre-fab shed since we don’t have a garage. It’s wonderful, I would like to move in like a hipster. Maybe one day when we replace the siding on our house it will match. For now, it’s just so dang cute.

garden shed and climbing rose
our cute shed being upstaged by the climbing rose

We also planted a native perennial garden along the chain-link fence. In our hood we don’t put up tall fences because then you don’t get vegetable plants from your neighbors. Just a little privacy goes a long way so we did switchgrass and red osier dogwoods in the back row and filled in with purple coneflower, lavender bee balm and purple agastache. This will be the second year for this bed so we’ll see how it all fills in.

native perennial garden
the shed in action; native grasses and perennials

Last summer, my kick ass Dad built a huge, awesome deck on the back of the house. He’s turning 65 this year and can still rip up a driveway, drill for pilings, pour concrete and build a freakin’ deck! Yee-haw. The deck has by far been the biggest improvement to our yard, especially paired with the renovations we did inside which allow for direct access to the backyard through sliding doors off of the kitchen.

The deck is home to our Beetlejuicey black and white striped patio umbrella. I can’t tell you how much I love this umbrella!

patio umbrella

Actually, yes I can. I love it just a little less than the set of 4 original Russell Woodard Sculptura chairs handed down to me by my mother-in-law, which were passed down to her from her mother. I feel so lucky to have them. When we were growing up my Mom chained our porch furniture down after some problems with theft in our neighborhood. Don’t think I haven’t considered the same for these babies.

deck-table-chairs-umbrella
Russell Woodard Sculptura Chairs + West Elm Table

And that’s pretty much where we are these days. This year I’m letting things grow in and become more established. I’m resolving to water when my garden needs it and learn about pruning and caring for the plants that I have.

Is anyone still reading?! Holy Marathon Blogpost! Sorry to post so late tonight. I gotta go make dinner and watch some trish-trash on the TV.

Loveyoubye, Mags

2014 Garden Plan – 10 Lessons

So it’s definitely spring in the Northeast and the forsythia, oaks, tulip trees, redbuds and red maples are all poppin’ off. In that order, everything looks like this:

spring-banner

We have NONE of that happening here at Lil’ Spot. Everything is still twiggy and muddy and I don’t have any early bloomers that brighten things up this time of year. That’s okay though – gardening is a slow process and I’m learning to enjoy it. Each year I add a few things, move a few things and learn a lot of things.

I’m making a huge effort to plant only native species on our small piece of suburban property. Planting native takes a little bunch of extra research and planning. But it pays off in the form of a green conscience, plants that are easier to care for (because they’re meant to grow in your conditions) and a yard full of birds and butterflies (because you’re providing their favorite food and nesting sites). That last part really sold me. #birdnerd

People are always amazed to learn that in our area, just 25 miles north of Manhattan, we have hummingbirds! (Don’t tell anyone, but they’re in Manhattan too.) Well listen, if you plant native Trumpet Honeysuckle instead of invasive poo-pants Japanese Honeysuckle, you’ll actually SEE them in your own backyard. For REALZ. It’s science.

image credit: chris dupe
ruby throated hummingbird | image credit: chris dupe (CC)

Here are my favorite resources for learning about native plants:

  1. American Beauties Native Plants – a comprehensive resource for building a garden plan around native plants; look for their branded pots at your local nursery to help you distinguish native cultivars
  2. National Wildlife Federation’s Garden for Wildlife –  a great guide for native plants with instructions for turning your space into a Certified Wildlife Habitat (yes, please!)
  3. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center – I love their list of recommended species searchable by state or effort; you can find out which plants are good for honey bees or monarch butterflies, for example
  4. PlantNative – a thorough database for native plants by type – trees, shrubs, perennials, ground cover, etc.
Chanticleer Garden | image credit: JR P (CC)
Chanticleer Garden | image credit: JR P (CC)

And here are 10 lessons that I’ve learned the hard way and am happy to share with you:

  1. Don’t be fooled by what you see in your neighbor’s yard. Many of the most popular plants used in landscapes are actually super invasive (forsythia, privet, bamboo), and nurseries don’t necessarily advertise plants as invasive. So it’s up to you. Here’s the Naughty List you can use to cross-check your shopping list before you leave home.
  2. Speaking of, make a list before you go to the nursery. Plants aren’t good impulse-buys. Trust me. Please trust me.  Plus, it’s hard to remember their crazy long names by heart.
  3. Ahem, learn the scientific names that are crazy long and impossible to pronounce. The common name (i.e. winterberry) is SO much easier to say than the scientific name (i.e. ilex verticillata), I know. But common names are not as specific and there are multiple common names per species so they’re all jumbled in a big drunk 18th-century-botanist mess. It’s actually a terrible nomenclature system, unless you stick to the scientific. Plus it makes you sound SMART! Bottom line is that using the common name may lead you to purchase a species or cultivar (variety) that isn’t what you were looking for. No bueno.
  4. Learn about cultivars and varietals. If you want to plant a red stem dogwood in your yard do a little homework first. I learned that there are 2 species of dogwood shrubs that have red stems and each has SEVERAL CULTIVARS. Oye! All are different sizes, shapes, growth rates and colors. So if you buy one plant that’s a different cultivar…you’ll end up like me and have a “3 of These Things Belong Together” situation on your hands.
  5. Figure out which Hardiness Zone you live in and don’t try to deny it! If you live in New York, you shouldn’t be growing palms or succulents outside. Our harsh winters will kill those babies right away and everyone will be sad and poor. If you just can’t live without palms and succulents, move to Arizona. Here’s a map where you can just plug in your zip code to find your zone.
  6. Non-native doesn’t always mean invasive. There are many non-native naturalized plants out there that aren’t harmful to our ecosystem, they just weren’t born here. Over the years, naturalized plants have learned to play nicely in our sandbox and they are not invasive. They’re good guys, they just may be more high maintenance.
  7. Don’t take the nursery staff’s word for it. Unfortunately, staff knowledge can be hit or miss. Plus, not all nurseries are up to speed on the demand for native plants. For serious questions, ask for the head gardener. And at some nurseries you can look for the American Beauties pots and know that you’re choosing a US native.
  8. Try to choose a color palette and stick to it. Back to the cultivar issue – if you’re trying to grow a purple, white and gray garden and you accidentally install a plant that flowers red, you blew it. Just kidding, but now you have to either move the red plant or plant more red so it looks intentional. This part has been hard for me , but I’m trying to stick to purple, white and yellow.
  9. Don’t forget about the leaves! They’re part of the plant too and will contribute more to the look of your garden than the flower, most likely. Try to mix up broad leaves with feathery, waxy with fuzzy, chartreuse with deep green and so on.
  10. Plant for all seasons. This goes along with #5 – remember that most deciduous plants, most perennials and all annuals will lose their leaves in the fall and die back in the winter. Mix in plants that stay beautiful and evergreen all year long and you’ll have “winter interest” (and birds!) in the cold months.

I’ve learned all of these things through trial and error…and more error. Gardening is about patience, planning and coaxing – skills that we aren’t used to honing in our modern lives. A beautiful garden doesn’t happen overnight and doesn’t always work out the way you hoped. Which is why it’s something worth having.

Tomorrow I’ll share some of the before + after progress we’ve made in transforming Lil’ Spot’s Plot (aka our yard).

Loveyoubye! Maggie

Friday Links

daisy coral RBD links

It’s FRIDAY again! Sunday is my birthday so I’m looking forward to seeing some friends and eating pizzas made on the grill. I do have some gardening posts to share with you all but it looks like I won’t get them up until Monday. I’m experiencing technical difficulties with my scanner which I will now be looking to replace. Here are this week’s links for ya!

Happy Weekend! Loveyoubye, Mags

In the meantime…

I’m working on a bunch of spring things today – birthday parties, spring cleaning and YARDWORK! More on that tomorrow. In the meantime, have you ever made your own cleaning products? I just made this scouring powder for all of my scouring needs. Mine has polka dots. Loveyoubye, Maggie

DIY scouring powder

‘Break Your Own’ Geode Shelf Decor

DIY geode bookshelf decor
raisedbydesign.com

It’s Earth Day! I swear this blog isn’t just about my excitement over holidays. But I’m sure you’ve noticed that I like science and when you like science Earth Day is important! It just so happens I’d planned this post about how to ‘Break Your Own’ geode decor accents.

Geodes are all the rage. I’ll spare you the science because you came here for design, but just know that these minerals are essentially gassy rocks. They have bad gas. But they’re beautiful because of it so we forgive them.  Here are some hot sexy pink geodes posing as bookends. (via Lonny)

Lonny
Lonny

I have hot pink geode envy now. These guys are like, “I’ll see your amazing hot pink Agate Bookends and raise you an adorable on-trend air plant. BITCH.” (via Earth Sea Warrior)

etsy-bookends-airplant
Earth Sea Warrior

Then we have this gaggle of teenage millionaire geodes. Huge, fantastic and untouchable. (via The Little House Blog originally from Jonathan Adler)

3215
Jonathan Adler

Geodes are everywhere these days, finding work as coasters, lamp finials, candle holderswallpaper…you name it. They’re the whores of decor right now (more over, Mr. Owl!). They have no shame. I had an empty spot on the bookshelves in my office and needed something interesting and pretty to balance all of my doopy-doo storage boxes and reference books. I’m sayin’, when in doubt – PUT A GEODE ON IT!

1333602-large-geode-with-white-druzy-a

To get a little geode decor in your life you can expect to drop anywhere from $30 to $5,000. This geode with white druzy from ABC Carpet and Home is pretty perfect and surprisingly reasonable at $45. But I thought a $4 break your own geode sounded like an, “In-Ya-Face!” so I went for it. I could air out my angst towards teenage millionaires and save money doing it. Sounds satisfying, right? I highly recommend it. Here’s the breakdown:

DIY break your own geode supplies
All you need is a flathead screwdriver, hammer and safety goggles.
DIY break your own geode shelf decor
Use your screwdriver to score a line where you’d like the break to occur, tapping with the hammer all the way around.
DIY Geode Shelf Decor - score to break
You can also use the claw of the hammer to directly hit the geode if you feel you’re not making enough progress – just know that you might chew up your hammer a little bit this way. Hmpf.
DIY Break Your Own Geode Shelf Decor
Call in the big guns because you’re sure you’re doing something wrong.
DIY Break Your Own Geode Shelf Decor
I loosened it for you. A crack!!
DIY Break Your Own Geode Shelf Decor
Is there a baby dinosaur in here?
DIY Break Your Own Geode Shelf Decor
Nope, just beautiful white druzy science-y perfection.

Proudly bring your new babies inside and get to work styling! It’s easy to find a home for these guys because they play so well with others.

Break Your Own Geode Bookshelf Styling

 

Break Your Own Geode Closeup Shelf Decor

Now I’m just trying to decide whether to seal the deal and paint the outside gold. Too much? We’ll see.

Loveyoubye, Maggie

Image credits: RaisedByDesign and Mo Lyons of OhhhhMo

Friday Links

 

raisedbydesign.com easter links
raisedbydesign.com

Easter! Easter! Easter! I’m not Catholic nor am I seven years old, but I LOVE Easter. Especially because of crazy vintage boy and girl chicks having a kiss. Happy to ya! Here are this week’s links:

I’m leavin’ yous with my All-Time Favorite Easter Card Ever. Have a great weekend. Loveyoubye, Maggie

bunny-card

Love + Artichokes

arti-heart

This morning I was paging through my cookbooks to research Easter recipes. My contribution to the table this year is a vegetable side dish and I’m excited to celebrate fresh, spring produce at the holiday table. After months of hearty roasts and root vegetables, I’m always so excited for the bright, crisp flavors of Spring. So I pulled one of my favorites from the shelf: Lydia Bastianich’s Lydia’s Italy in America and quickly found the inspiration I needed.

lidia-cover

Lydia is one of my favorite Italian chefs – her style is so relaxed and approachable and her food is ridiculously delicious – and apparently lusty?!?! (See blurb on cover.) Ummm. Anyway, this book chronicles the broad reach of Italian food throughout the States and I had my copy signed when she spoke a couple years ago at SUNY Purchase. So yeah, I’m a nerd fan.

I’m considering making Lydia’s recipe for Braised Artichokes (Carciofi Brasati). Artichokes are in season in early spring and are perfect on the Easter table. They’re also major crowd pleasers – even folks who don’t like vegetables happily gobble them up.

arti-recipe

But I do have a sweet spot for artichokes, especially this time of year. Tomorrow is our 3-year wedding anniversary (!) and I can’t think about artichokes without being reminded of that happy day. We designed our wedding around the concept of a Mediterranean Spring Harvest. To convey our theme, I chose the artichoke (and rabbit) as design motifs throughout our celebration. I love the beautiful geometric pattern that the artichoke’s leaves make at the crown and the fact that they’re tough and spiky. They’re like roses that ride motorcycles.

Our dear family friend designed our menus, programs and table numbers and we asked her to work artichokes into the menus. (BTW, “Per Cent’Anni” means “for one hundred years.” In Italian-American dialect it’s often exchanged as a toast, pronounced “Chin-Don,” and has also made a nice cameo in a recent Jay-Z song.)

Oh, Darling! Photography
Oh, Darling! Photography

We also decided to use artichokes in lieu of flowers for our centerpieces. I couldn’t deal with the fuss of floral arrangements and I liked the idea of people taking them home to cook and eat. Plus, we really wanted food to be at the center of our family-style celebration and to keep the arrangements low enough for guests to converse across the table.

Oh, Darling! Photography
Oh, Darling! Photography

Oh, Darling! Photography

Oh, Darling! Photography

The artichokes for the centerpieces were a gift from my bridesmaid/best friend’s family, the D’Arrigos. They own a family-run produce business, Andy Boy, which is best known for bringing broccoli rabe to the United States. You would know Andy Boy by their hot pink logo in the produce aisle. Coincidentally, on the page opposite Lydia’s recipe for Braised Artichokes she writes about her visit to the Andy Boy farms in Salinas, CA and talks about the D’Arrigo Family’s history and major contribution to the American food industry. Whaaa! Totally awesome.

darrigo-page

The artichokes were such a hit, they also made several appearances as maracas and rabbit ears in our photo booth:

arti-smilebooth

I love looking back and remembering all of the fun we had that day. We had lots of help from family and friends putting together the event and there’s plenty more to share. In the meantime, I’d better figure out what I’m going to bring to Easter!

Loveyoubye, Maggie

Friday Links

4.11.14-links

Following up on last week’s links…

  • The Pangolin gets a bailout by viewers like you.
  • Homemade spicy black bean burgers were a smash hit! This week I’m about $5 richer and a wee bit healthier! I used this recipe but added a few chipotle peppers – also, we eat ours taco-style with avocado, cheese and hot sauce.

Moving on to this week’s doings…

  • Today’s Google Doodle marks Percy Julian’s 115th birthday. The doodle is AWESOME, plus, my Junior High in Oak Park, IL was named after him. In his honor, I’m going to watch this over the weekend and reminisce about awkward theater performances, Stone Temple Pilots and being grounded for life.
  • YES! Late Night TV is getting awesomer and now I have to practice staying up late.
  • I just discovered Skillshare this week and already have 10 classes on my wish list. The internets are an amazing tool.
  • Birds made out of food, everyone.
  • EFFFFFF!
  • Also, The Masters Tournament is on. I don’t watch/play/understand golf, but I do know a good excuse to make PIMENTO CHEESE when I see one! Hip hip!

…Cheerio! Loveyoubye, Maggie

Before + After – Bedside Tables

I mentioned in this post that our Master Bedroom is a bit small. Someday I’ll get my act together and post a floor plan of our teensy house so you believe me. For now, just know that our home’s entire livable space is 882 square feet. Which just means that we need to be creative about a few things. Clothing storage is one of them, and in addition to our built-in shelves and a shared closet, we decided that we needed our bedside tables to double as dressers. But DAG! Bedside tables are expensive!  And after scouring furniture stores and Craigslist, I found that most pieces are either on Team Tiny Nightstand or Team Full Blown Dresser. We had 36″ on either side of our queen-sized bed to work with so I needed to find something more like this:

arch-blue-three-drawer-chest

Unfortunately, these guys weren’t available when we were redoing our bedroom, but at $500 a pop they would have been over my budget anyway. So I headed to my local antique and thrift shops and after a couple stops I came across these beauties:

before-dressers

I was drawn to their clean lines, quality construction and interesting pulls. Plus, I was psyched to find a matching pair (although I was open to rocking the mix + match look). Measuring 32″ x 20″ x 31″ they were the perfect dimensions for our space. And with a $500 price tag for the pair, I was scoring a pretty good deal for this muy importante piece of furniture compared to the options at the big retailers. SOLD.

The only snag was that they smelled a little funky, the wood finish was in bad shape and the pulls had been painted by a previous owner. To get rid of the musty smell, I wiped them inside and out with a solution of (very) diluted bleach and then set them outside to bake in the sun for a full day. There are a million suggestions online for curing musty smells, by the way. Anyone ever tried kitty litter?

To rehab the finish, I decided to give them a few coats of white semigloss paint (White Dove by Benjamin Moore) and to highlight those great pulls with a gray-green sample I had leftover from another project (Sag Harbor Gray by Benjamin Moore). Fast forward through a day or two of taping and painting and not taking “in progress” pics…

Here’s My Side:

my-side-after

And here’s James’ Side:

james-side-after

No, he did not voluntarily put a picture of us on our wedding day or a book about birds on his nightstand. Also, that plant does not usually live there, but it made the picture look a’nice. Whoever decorates decides what’s what.

We’re still pretty happy with our dressers two years later. Yay for Before + After projects!

Loveyoubye, Maggie

 

 

POWER SOUP RECIPE

rbd-kitchen-table

A couple weeks back, in the depths of the coldest winter ever, my mother-in-law shared yet another recipe with me that I’ve fallen in love with.  POWER SOUP.  It’s yummy and it kicks ass inside your body.  The original recipe was in the weekend paper (cute) and with a couple tweaks it’s become a regular in my kitchen.  In fact, James said, “You can make this all the time.”  To which I’m pretty sure I rolled my eyes.  Some of you may be so over soup by this time of year and all, “Yay! Pedicures and iced coffee and ponies and ice cream,” but in the Northeast it’s still chilly enough to be cranky, so soup is still on the kitchen table.

POWER SOUP RECIPE:

In a large stockpot or dutch oven sauté 1 chopped onion, 2-3 minced garlic cloves and a pinch of salt and red pepper flakes in olive oil over medium heat. Stir in 1 cup farro (or quinoa if you are gluten-free) and 1 can white beans (Cannellini or Navy), drained and rinsed. Add about 6 cups of chicken broth, half of a peeled and cubed butternut squash (about 2 cups, 1-inch pieces) and 1 can whole peeled tomatoes with the juices, tearing into pieces as you add. Note: if you’re using quinoa make your squash cubes a little smaller so they cook at the same rate as the grain.

To season this soup, the recipe calls for a parmesan cheese rind.  If you have hard cheese leftover from a dinner party (like parmesan, gruyere or beemster), whack off the rind and add it to the soup for a major flavor upgrade.  If you don’t live a life that leaves you with delicious gourmet cheese just lying around you can add a few tablespoons of grated parmesan cheese to taste.  No biggie.  Similarly, the recipe calls for 1 tablespoon fresh thyme, which I absolutely NEVER have on hand.  You can substitute 1 teaspoon dried thyme or use a little oregano or parsley which will change the flavor only slightly from the original recipe. Then, if you’re like me, add, “Being the kind of person who has fancy cheese and fresh herbs on deck at all times,” to the heap of unrealistic life aspirations.  Then add salt.

Sim-simmah (simmer) for about 30 minutes, until your farro is cooked and the squash is fork-tender. If you’re using quinoa, adjust the cooking time accordingly (about 20 minutes).  Stir in 3 cups coarsely chopped/torn kale, stiff ribs removed and simmer another couple minutes.  You can also substitute spinach, you just won’t be as bad ass.

That’s it! Discard your cheese rind and serve up your Power Soup with a little extra grated cheese or a drizzle of olive oil. You will instantly feel better about everything and rule the world. (If you’re interested in the specific reasons that this soup is so good for you, see the notes below.)

Loveyoubye! Maggie


 

Ingredient Checklist:

  • 1 chopped yellow onion
  • 2-3 cloves garlic
  • red pepper flakes (optional)
  • olive oil
  • 1 cup farro (or quinoa)
  • 1 can white beans
  • 6 cups chicken broth
  • 2 cups butternut squash, peeled and cubed
  • 1 (28 oz.) can whole peeled tomatoes
  • parmesan cheese rind or grated parmesan cheese
  • 1 tablespoon fresh thyme or 1 teaspoon dried thyme
  • salt
  • 3 cups coarsely chopped kale

Health notes:

  • Farro – an unprocessed wheat berry high in fiber, protein and B vitamins
  • White Beans – a legume high in fiber, protein, B vitamins, phosphorus, copper, magnesium and iron
  • Butternut Squash – a winter squash high in fiber, Vitamin A and C and beta-carotene
  • Canned Tomatoes – a vine fruit high in Vitamin C, beta-carotene and the antioxidant lycopene
  • Kale – a cruciferous vegetable high in fiber, Vitamin C, potassium, beta-carotene and calcium

 

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